iCloud is important for many reasons, one of which is that it will build trust in cloud technologies through Apple's massive user base, and give developers the environments to deliver cloud based applications.

This is significantly different from Google Apps, Microsoft Azure, and the Amazon S3 environments.  This is Apple delivering one set of benefits of cloud computing to its users.

For the moment this is about content storage and synchronisation.  By content they specifically mean music, photos, email, contacts, calendars, book and apps.  They'll also store some device configuration files too.  What's remarkable is that they're giving this solution away for free, removing the previous subscription product (MobileMe), and opening it up to everyone.  Even Windows based users with iTunes.

However I see this being bigger than the near-term offerings.  For me this is about eventual hardware abstraction, where the device you hold in your hand is basically a connection to the internet.  In the cloud there will be an operating system running that is fully customised for you, and will enable and disable relevant apps depending on the particular device your using.  Let me explain with an example;

You have an iPhone, an iPad and an iMac.  You also have a bluetooth headset.  Your iPhone has a SIM card and is connected to a carrier and getting 3G data.  The iPad and iMac are wifi only devices.

Lets say the carrier mast has failed and standard calls and 3G data are unavailable, you do however have wifi.  The cloud OS recognized this and automatically diverts calls the iPad and the bluetooth headset.  Or you're working in a photo editing app on the iPad and move within range of the iMac.  The cloud OS knows that the iMac has more processing power, so asks if you want to migrate the editing app and the work in progress to the faster machine.

Sounds like fantasy?  Well iCloud is the foundation infrastructure for all of these possibilities.  it may even lead to devices that are completely basic in terms of local processing capability, but have diverse connectivity options (transferring data across multiple bonded wifi networks and 3G) meaning fast access to your own environment running in a datacentre.

The media have been broadly approving of these developments, although I did read a piece in the Evening Standard where Roy Greenslade commented "the global behemoths such as Apple, Google, Facebook, Twitter and Amazon, that bestride the internet, gradually acquiring unaccountable power and influence through their control of so much information about so many of us."

I personally think this is sensationalism of a fairly benign issue.  We can all either opt-in or opt-out of these technologies, but ultimately it's about convenience.  As a species we have less time to do as we like.  I used to use 35mm film and take it to Boots for processing.  Now I upload a flash card to iPhoto and it takes seconds not days.

When we subscribe to these services we are giving some information about ourselves to these organisations, but it's the price we have to pay to experience their products.  I believe it's a price worth paying.

"Windows Phone 7 is an entirely fresh mobile experience, on which HTC is excited to be going big.  We see tremendous customer opportunities with Microsoft's most popular services like Xbox LIVE and Zune integrated.  The value Microsoft is bringing to mobile customers around the world sets a new benchmark for the industry.  HTC will be introducing five new HTC Windows Phone 7 Smartphones at launch to support our customers with a broad variety of choice."

Peter Chou, CEO, HTC Corp.

"We're delighted to be partnering with Microsoft to bring the HTC 7 Trophy to our customers as a Vodafone exclusive.  Not only does the phone have all the 'quietly brilliant' innovations that HTC is famous for, but it comes with the new Windows Phone 7 services and user experience.  Along with the LG E900 Optimus 7, the Windows Phone 7 additions to our Smartphone range will further enhance the choice we give our customers."

Patrick Chomet, Group Director of Terminals, Vodafone Group plc

I've had the HTC 7 Trophy for about 10 days, and as it didn't spark me within the first couple of hours, I've needed to force myself to drop the iPhone 4 and BlackBerry 9800 for 48 hours so I can comprehensively test it.

Will all the marketing spend that Windows Phone 7 has received I had high hopes for the OS and the handset.  I was even primed by a colleague at Microsoft that it was a great alternative to Apple's iPhone.

I'm going to get the tech specs out of the way first.  The model I tested was the T8686 with a 1GHz CPU.  It has 8Gb of internal storage, 512Mb of ROM, and 576Mb of RAM, has a 3.8" touch screen, 5 megapixel camera that also records 720p HD video, and weighs in at 140 grams.  On the network front it supports GSM, GPRS, EDGE, HSPA and WCDMA, Bluetooth 2.1 with A2DP, and 802.11 b/g/n wifi.  It has a standard micro-USB for charging and computer connection, and a 3.5mm headphone jack.

In the hand it feels robust yet has a silky feel to the plastic case on the back.  The screen is clear, and the buttons have positive click response.  Photos and videos look great, music sounds great.  The camera takes good pictures, and the video record quality is good.  The handset itself is a really nice piece of hardware, although the 8Gb internal storage seems a little light compared to the 32Gb on the iPhone 4.

The Windows Phone 7 OS is a different beast altogether.  The Home screen is customisable in that you can move the tiles around meaning what's important to you is the first thing you see.  The arrow pointing right leads to the rest of the applications and the phone settings.

The most important thing to me on a smartphone is email integration.  I have multiple email accounts including Exchange, Google Apps and a couple of other generic IMAP accounts.  One of the things that Apple Mail does brilliantly on the iPhone is the consolidated inbox.  Unfortunately Windows Phone 7 doesn't replicate this; each email account is displayed as a separate tile on the Home screen, meaning the additional functionality that I'd like to put there is displaced.  Yes you can scroll down and see the other tiles, but it negates the idea of the Home screen.

In terms of getting my own content onto the handset, Windows computers were the easy option.  When I first connected the HTC Trophy to an iMac, it started charging, but nothing else.  I had to download the Windows Phone Connector for Mac, which is an interface between iTunes, iPhoto and the handset.  Once installed, it did a good job of getting content on there, however it failed with the DRM movies and TV shows that I'd bought from the iTunes Store.  The other point I wanted to mention was sync time - it took nearly 90minutes to move 8Gb of content from the iMac to the handset.  And I can categorically confirm it isn't the iMac that is the problem here, I regularly move content between the iPhone 4 and the BlackBerry 9800 via the same USB ports.

While we're on the topic of content, I thought I'd check out the Zune store for album pricing.  I wanted to buy the Magnetic Man album - Zune price: £10.99, iTunes price: £8.99 - I bought it on iTunes.

I took the handset to the gym this morning instead of the iPhone.  All the music sounded good, apart from the 3 second delay between tracks.  I've searched the phone for the setting to disable this, but didn't find it.  Many of the albums I listen to are continuous, and it's extremely irritating to have a gap in there.  Again, Apple resolved this with the early iPods, so Windows Phone need to add this to their update list.

As a hardware reviewer, probably the most desirable feature of any handset is screen capture.  Apple delivered this in the first generation iPhone; BlackBerry didn't deliver it on the 9800 (but 3rd party developers did), and Microsoft have failed to deliver it here.  What this essentially means is that I'm forced to use standard marketing materials form Microsoft and HTC, try and use an emulator and capture those images, or take photos using another device.  It's a little thing, but it makes such a big difference.

Considering this phone is free depending on the Vodafone price plan you adopt it's not a bad phone.  As with all things, it's diminishing returns the more you pay, and a free HTC Trophy at £35 per month vs. a £279 iPhone 4 handset at £35 per month might seem a no-brainer.  Let's just be clear that in my opinion, the OS that Microsoft has released is probably much like one that Steve Jobs canned in 2004.  When businesses are playing catch-up, they often cut corners, and Windows Phone 7 clearly feels mo where near as polished as iOS4.  We've also yet to learn how Microsoft will update the software, and how frequently.

In summary, Windows Phone 7 is a great start, but the Windows 7 computer OS has been through multiple iterations to become the solid platform it is today.  My feeling is that the Windos Phone OS will have to go through the same hoops before it's a real contender as a handset OS.

I'd love to see iOS4 on the HTC Trophy though...

I admit it, it took me a while to get this setup, primarily due to the launch of Call of Duty Back Ops, but also needing to re-tech my house to the living room, since my home office didn't have a big enough space to jump around in.  Hence a further £650 on a new TV which will be reviewed later.

Setting up was easy; place the sensor in front of the TV and connect to the AUX port on the back of the 360S.  This port is a modified USB port which has extra power specifically for the Kinect unit.  Next was the room scan, and here's where I had some difficulties.  My living room is a basic rectangle with two sofas on adjacent walls.  The TV and Kinect unit are on a stand in the corner.  The room dimensions are approximately 5m x 3m, and during the calibration was trying to get us to stand where the sofa was.  Funny, but didn't do the room calibration much good.  User calibration was much better.  We already had XBox profiles, and using the Kinect ID application linked those profiles to the physical characteristics of each player.

Next we moved onto gameplay.  Kinect Adventures is all we have at the moment, and has you jumping around with a variety of games.  You can go rafting through rapids, popping bubbles in zero gravity, and even on a track where you have to duck and jump obstacles.  The technology is good enough to auto-recognise players as they move in and out of the playspace, so a one player game quickly becomes a two player game.  Occasionally it did get this wrong, specifically between my wife and my eldest son, and I think this is something to do with them being close in height, and that William tends to stand in front of Kathy leading to potential sensor confusion.  It's easily overcome in the menus by selecting your avatar.

The only other issue worth commenting about is my 4-year old.  Getting him to stand in the right place for calibration was a nightmare, and what took everyone else just a couple of minutes, took about 25 minutes with Callum.

All-in-all, Kinect is a great piece of kit.  For my wife to say 'it's very clever the way it detects you and instantly updates the in-game player' carries more gravitas than any technology review.  The last major IT revelations for her were BT Vision pause live TV and record from a programme guide, and iPlayer on the iMac.  She also said without prompting that it was way more fun that the Nintendo Wii.  If Kinect can achieve that with just a few hours of gameplay, imagine what's possible with feedback data and a couple of Microsoft pateches.

William had a great idea about the playspace calibration.  He suggested that we should be able to mask off areas in the space that can't be used.  For us Brits with small houses, it kind of makes sense.

Google Apps is a group of applications designed to deliver business class services through the internet.  The applications include Email, Calendar, Contacts, Groups, Docs, Sites, Tasks, Video and Voice.  There's no server hardware required; Google host all of these services on their hardware.  All you need is an internet connection, and a computer or mobile with a browser.

I've been actively using Google Apps for ZXZ Consulting for over 3 years, and have further installed for 2 other clients.  What makes it a brilliant proposition is the overall cost.  In the UK you pay £33 per user per year for the Premier edition.  The Standard edition is free.  I'm going to talk specifically about the Premier edition.

The cost here is important.  Before Apple released the Mac Mini with Snow Leopard Server, most businesses had the choice of Microsoft and their Exchange email server, or for the larger businesses, Lotus Notes.  Both the Microsoft and Lotus messaging solutions required that businesses have their own hardware to run the applications on, and therefore usually an IT function to support it.  The total cost of ownership for a business messaging environment could run into many thousands of pounds, placing this kind of technology out of reach for small businesses.  And along came GMail.

Gmail was born in 2004 and offered 1Gb of mail storage to invited users.  A year later, Google increased the storage amount to 7.5Gb sending internal IT departments into disarray.  At that time server storage was expensive and IT functions were generally restricting email account sizes to between 100Mb and 1Gb.  Having users tell you that they received a better email experience from GMail became a recurring event.  In 2006 Google announced GMail For Your Domain, and soon after Google Apps For Your Domain.  This meant that you could use your own domain name and have access to the Google suite of applications.  The next major step was to introduce Google Apps Sync for Microsoft Outlook, meaning users familiar with Outlook and essentially reluctant to move to the web-based interface could sync their Google Apps email to the Outlook application.  Google Apps Mail is the resulting application from this.

The other applications supplement email; Calendar give you and your team a fully customisable calendar with options to make it visible on the internet.  Docs is a space where you can share documents and edit them in real time.  Sites empowers you to create internal websites for teams, or even a full on internet site.  Alongside these you have Chat, Voice and Video, which makes collaboration that much easier.  It means you don't have to use separate applications for chat and video-conferencing; Google Apps has it built in.

While Google does provide exceedingly good value for money, it does make the internet connection even more important.  If a small business migrates to the Google Apps environment, a key thing to ensure is that you have a service level agreement with your ISP so that you'll know response times and fix times should your service be interrupted.  With all the money you've saved, it would be a good idea to have a secondary backup line which activates should the primary fail.

If you're interested in looking at Google Apps for your small business, feel free to get in touch through the Contact page.

In April this year, Microsoft announced their Q1 earnings, and along with it a statement that 40 million XBox 360 units had been sold.  40 million.  It's a massive number, and a further 4.2 million have been sold since then.  With holiday season just around the corner, you can bet that people are asking the console question.  And Kinect may have a sting in the tail for Sony and Nintendo.

When Nintendo introduced the Wii it was a revelation, engaging people to move during their games, and becoming part of the home AV suite and bringing families and friends together.  At that time, Sony and Microsoft were firmly rooted in the old school gamer mindset; handheld controller, the best graphics that the console can handle, and targeted at people with high disposable income.  The Wii was perceived as not good enough graphically for the hardcore gamer, and generally aimed at children.

Needless to say that Wii Fit and the balance board opened a different market - that of the interactive home exercise market.  Hardcore gamers remained on the Microsoft and Sony platforms, but Wii was generating its own market.  The sales numbers speak for themselves - according to VGChartz.com Wii has 47% market share with 75.1 million units sold.  Microsoft have 27.7%, and Sony have 25.2%.  I think this is about to change.

Kinect for me will be the trigger for XBox sales to go crazy.  That and the fact that the new slim version is so much better than the previous one.  BUilt-in hard disk, smaller footprint, and wifi make it a really great console.  Kinect with its movement games will enhance that, but for me it's videoconferencing that will really make XBox come to the masses.

For years we've been hearing about videoconferencing in business, saving organisations countless millions in expenses, and countless man-hours from not having to fly to meetings all the time.  It's now time for that technology to migrate tot he home.  Don't get me wrong, Skype, iChat, Yahoo Messenger and the plethora of other instant messaging clients do a great job at delivering video from computer to computer.  I'm a big Skype fan as it's cross platform, and even my Mum can use it.  The thing is, it's on a computer in a spare room, or a corner, and isn't ideally located for family communications.  Enter Kinect.

XBox consoles need HDMI or Composite to display on TV's, which generally means more modern sets, which generally means 28" screen size minimum.  Imagine having a video call with your family from your living room, and seeing them in their living room?  All the benefits that businesses have had from the early 90's (PictureTel, Tandberg and Polycom) will finally come to the masses.

As with all technologies we're in a flux period.  Skype are embedding their software into Panasonic TV's, Sony already has the Eye for their PS3 range, and Kinect is entering the fray.  My prediction is that for a time you will be committed to a single platform - by that I mean that XBox Kinect users will only be able to communicate to other XBox Kinect users and possibly MSN Messenger users on computers, Skype will only talk to Skype etc., however there will eventually be standardisation where any console will be able to make a video call to anyone on any video capable device.

I'll be getting my Kinect kit next week and will review fully in a future post.  In the dim and distant past I wrote my thesis on remote working, and postulated that video conferencing would give knowledge workers the freedom to do their job from any location, and managers the ability to oversee projects across multiple geographies from their chair.  To some degree I think that's happening, but the move to the living room is the ultimate goal for me.

I've been running a Facebook Ads programme (just for 7 days) to see what kind of traffic this investment can bring, and I've been looking at custom landing tabs aimed at getting you to click the infamous Like button.  It's an interesting game, since my goal for ZXZ Consulting is to get more awareness, and therefore more business, Facebook is the market to be visible in.  Fortunately there are a myriad of experts on-hand to assist, guide you through the steps (once you know the correct search terms), and ultimately raise your profile and business fan page.

Social Media Examiner are one group of experts that I've really tuned in to.  The site was recommended based on a course the were offering - the Facebook Success Summit 2010 - but I have to say that outside of their wonderful course content, the website has a wealth of information for anyone looking to improve their Facebook presence.

On the Ads front, it's been a very revealing experiment.  I built two ads, one pointing Facebook users to the ZXZ Consulting website, and the other pointing Facebook users to the ZXZ Consulting Facebook page.  The first ad targeted people within 80km of London who might need some for of IT support.  the second ad was more general in that it went across the UK to advertise the Facebook fan page.  My budget is £5 per ad per day for a maximum of seven days, so a total spend of £70.  I've been impressed by the exposure; in 5 days the ads have been shown a total of 274, 458 times, and I've had 78 views of my content.  55 clicks went to the Facebook fan page, and 23 went directly to the website.  4 of those 55 people have clicked Like based on the content of the Wall.

One of the things that the Facebook Success Summit drew my attention to was the customised landing tab for people who weren't already a fan.  The idea here is that you give people a reason to click the Like button before they do anything else on your Facebook Wall.  I've implemented this idea this evening, as I want to see if it has any positive effect on Like conversions with another 2 days remaining on my advertising budget.  You can see for yourself the results - if you're not already a fan, just head on over to Facebook and search for ZXZ Consulting.  If you are a fan, go the to page and click on the Welcome tab.

Size difference to iPhone 4 with Keyboard extended

RIMs latest device is the BlackBerry Torch 9800.  It's a hybrid device in that it has a large touch screen and a slide out keyboard for all those that complained about the on-screen keyboard of the BlackBerry Storm.

Size wise it's a little thicker than the iPhone 4, but much the same when the iPhone has a case on (to reduce signal loss when holding it, and protecting your investment as you bounce it round the train carriage when a call drops).  They feel the same weight in hand, and the Torch looks like a Bold 9700 with a massive screen when the keyboard is extended.  

I'm using this with a BlackBerry Enterprise Server connected to Microsoft Exchange, so had to go through the the following steps to get that sorted;

1. Install the new BlackBerry Desktop software which replaces BlackBerry Desktop Manager
2. Backup your old BlackBerry to the Desktop software
3. Boot up your new BlackBerry Torch - this took ages (2mins 49 seconds), and shows that either the processor is slow, or the new BlackBerry 6 OS is massive
4. Connect to BlackBerry Desktop and choose Switch Device from the menu.  The data will transfer from the old phone (essentially it does another backup) to the new phone.  I had problems loading the Facebook app from the 9700 to the 9800, but this is probably due to BlackBerry 6OS compatibility
5. Get your BlackBerry Enterprise Server Administrator to set the Activation Password for your BES account
6. Add an email account on the Torch and add in the details from your Administrator.

Enterprise Activation took about 45 minutes, which is about the same as the other BlackBerry activations, but is very dependent on 3G and GPRS traffic.

As soon as I picked it up I started griping about the keyboard.  The 9700 has a a great physical keyboard; the 9800 has exactly the same size keys and key layout, but the edges are raised so that the keyboard is hidden when the slider is closed.  Now I don't have big thumbs, but the keyboard just feels a little cramped on the edge keys.  You might get used to it, but you also have the option of an on-screen keyboard too.  Using this delivers predictive text in BlackBerry Messenger and composing emails, but I didn't trust it and it took longer to write the email on the device than it would have on the 9700 or the iPhone.

The camera is ok, 5 megapixel with flash.  Video recording is in there too at 640x480 and MMS size of 176x144.  I'm not a big photographer on smartphones.  The resolutions are too low to do anything decent with (like print a photo or add to a printed album through iPhoto), and the video I recorded was grainy, probably due to loor lighting levels and a 10pm October night record time.  That said, not having a camera in a smartphone these days is like not being able to make phone calls.  It's an expected component.

The browser is an improvement.  The touch screen delivers pinch and zoom on pages, and the pages automatically adjust through portrait or landspace orientation.  You do need to zoom on those pages as the default view is the whole page, but is does work.

The final point I'm going to discuss here is the Facebook app for BlackBerry.  It's a much used app and is getting a refresh (see http://mashable.com/2010/10/25/facebook-blackberry-1/) although the current release isn't bad.  Navigation around the app uses the Trackpad, and it feels responsive.  Text is clear and easy to read.  It is lacking a few features over the iPhone app, such as Places (if you're in a country where it's activated) and Chat, but it's still Facebook on the move, and it works.  

In summary, a business user who's addicted to the BlackBerry keyboard might have difficulty using the new Torch 9800 keyboard as it feels cramped.  Boot time with BlackBerry 6 OS is close to 3 minutes, so you should hope to never turn it off.  Camera is ok, browser is better, touch screen is ok, Facebook app runs a little faster over 9700.

It's an ok device, at an ok price.  If you're not into the Apple bling, then the Torch 9800 is a reasonable alternative.  If you just want to look cool with a slider phone, head over to eBay and pick up a Nokia 7110 Matrix phone.

 I've been a fan of iLife since I first saw it in 2007.  For me the winning product was iPhoto.  The way it manipulates photos gives very powerful editing through a simple user experience.  When I bought a MacBook Pro last year, one of the first things I did was use iPhoto to create some printed photo albums.  Apple aren't the only company offering this service, but the are the best at getting the image from the camera to the printed page.  iPhoto makes it a seamless operation.

While experimenting during the course of this year, I managed to use iMovie to create a pretty good movie sequence recorded on an iPhone 3GS.  The templates, transitions and thought that has gone into this is wonderful.  Again it gives the non-professional film-maker a chance to maximise the quality of their footage.

 With GarageBand I'm a relative novice.  I've launched the program a couple of times and put together some loops, but nothing I wanted to save and call my own.  It's nice to know that it's there though.

And so to iLife '11.  The big deal seems to be full screen mode, which allows these apps to glow from the 21.5" or 27" iMac screens, or if you're old school, upto the 30" Apple Cinema Displays on your Mac Pro.  Smare moves for iPhoto are the Facebook integration directly from the app, and extending the printed matter from books to letterpress cards.  This means that home users can make their own wedding invitations, or any other greeting cards.  Look out traditional wedding stationers.

iMovie '11 brings styles to your movies, and improved audio editing.  When I get some tim I'll be throwing a few movie clips at it and see what the results are.

GarageBand '11 I'll probably never use, and there's plenty of detail about it all over the Apple website.

I also want to mention iDVD and iWeb, which are both updated in this release.  iDVD builds on the iMovies you create and allows you to burn them to DVD and add menus and controls for all DVD players.  I suppose we might see iBluray once the hardware is eventually brought into the iMac family, but it's not there yet.  iWeb grabs content from the other iLife applications and shares it through MobileMe.  Although I have a MobileMe account (Find My iPhone/iPad requires it) I've never used iWeb.  It probably deserves some attention, if only because my kids will one day ask me about it.

So that's my precis of iLife '11.  It took about 10 minutes to install on my iMac while I wrote this.  I'll review the apps in more detail once I've played around with them.

As I commented yesterday, over time I've become an Apple fan primarily driven by the Apple iPhone.  My own iMac and MacBook Pro are running OSX 10.6 and I have tried Parallels with Windows Vista on the MacBook.  I was disappointed with the results to be honest, the underlying OSX operating system become sluggish and at times unresponsive, so I soon removed it.

More recently, I've installed Windows 7 Home Premium on a 21.5" iMac for a family member.  What's great about this is that the hardware is rock solid, the iMac retains the Apple OSX operating system, and you can run a full Windows 7 OS through Bootcamp.

I was impressed by the results. The hardware is a Core 2 Duo processor running at 3GHz with 4Gb of RAM and 500Gb hard drive so you would expect reasonable performance with this specification.  However Microsoft Windows is notoriously bloated (or so I thought) and I expected the machine to be less responsive than with OSX.

I have to say that it's a match made in heaven.  Windows 7 runs extremely well on this particular iMac, and even Office 2010 is quick.  Bootcamp for Windows installs the correct hardware drivers, so the in-built camera, microphone and speakers are detected and used.  Skype works like a dream, and the whole thing sitting in a sleek and slender iMac.

I don't think it's a massive leap to see businesses going down this route; the hardware is robust, and the OS is one that businesses worldwide have been using for years.  Users need minimal cross-training, and less desk-space.

If my Microsoft-based customers want to look to the future, I'll be showing them this solution as an option.

Right now I'm using;

iPhone 4 32Gb (2010) 

BlackBerry 9700 (2009)

iPad 3G 64Gb (2010)

Apple MacBook Pro 13" Core 2 Duo 4GB RAM 260GB HDD (2009)

HP Envy 14" Core i5 4GB RAM 500GB HDD (2010)

Apple iMac 27" Core i5 4GB RAM 1TB HDD (2010)

THe HP Envy is the most recent addition.  My previous HP Pavilion laptop was 3 years old and needed to be updated.  I've upgraded to Windows 7 Ultimate from Windows 7 Home Premium, mainly for the Windows Domain capability, but I also wanted to retain Windows Media Center features.

I have to say it's been a massive improvement over Vista.  Speed of the hardware, and the general improvements in the HP hardware make this a really great machine.

However, I wouldn't swap my iMac for anything.  I've been working with Apple hardware and OSX in business environments since 2007 and it took a while for me to really see the business benefits in using this platform.  I think the greatest thing I've learned is that you can be technically productive no matter what IT platform you use.  The fundamental applications work the same way, and the ease of which I switch between Microsoft and Apple operating systems says much about the design for users.  There's no doubt about it, they are to different way to do the same thing, and I think business users and consumers realise it's now about the applications and less about the hardware and the operating system.